LVMPD Traffic Alert TRAFFIC PROBLEM N JONES BLVD and W CHEYENNE AVE 3/28/2023 10:38:08 PM incident #LLV230300123799

DPS Alert Motorist Assist N RANCHO DR and W WASHINGTON AVE; NB SO 03/28/2023 10:19:19 PM

Hi Everyone,
I'm considering moving into the newly renovated Parodi on 1015 N Main Ave, Scranton, PA 18508. Everything looks great, my only concern is the noise from being so close to the highway. Is the N Scranton Expressway generally pretty busy?

I’m considering getting an e-scooter to go to work during the summer. I need to know how steep 2 hills are first though: N portage path between mark ave and merriman, and portage trail extension from n portage path upward.
I’m doubtful it’s doable on an e-scooter but I’ve read I might be wrong about that and it could be a fun way to reduce traffic half the year.

If you are in immediate danger, please call 911. ^{Some of these resources have been previously posted on this subreddit and are also included in this list.}

Mental Health Services

Boynton Mental Health Office and Service Hours: Monday – Friday 8:00am - 4:30pm ^{Depending on location, clinic may have limited hours or not be open on Thursdays} Boynton Mental Health provides individual, couples, and group therapy both in-person or by telehealth, as well as psychiatric treatment or medication management for students. • Office Number: 612-625-8400 • Appointment Line: 612-624-1444 • 24/7 Crisis Connection Counselors: 612-301-4673 or Text "UMN" to 61222 • 24/7 Nurse Line: 612-625-7900 • Email: boynton.umn.edu
Student Counseling Services (SCS) Office and Service Hours: Monday - Friday 8:00am - 4:30pm Offers non-crisis support through individual counseling services (at this time, students can anticipate, on average, up to a 1-2 week wait for brief consultations) and can provide other on-campus and off-campus resources right for you. • Office Number: 612-624-3323 • Email: [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected]) Also offers: Let's Talk - a free drop-in service that offers informal, confidential consultations for U of M students throughout the academic year.No appointment is necessary, so a student can select from in-person and virtual drop-in options during the scheduled times. Learn to Live - an online therapy program that is available and free for students (code “UMN”). Programs are confidential and accessible anywhere with the following topics: depression, insomnia, social anxiety, substance use, stress, and worry.
Disability Resource Center (DRC) Office and Service Hours: Monday – Friday 8:00am - 4:30pm Helps provide accessibility and reduce barriers on campus to improve access for disabled people through consulting on strategies to provide access and inclusion, implementing reasonable academic, workplace, and guest accommodations, and partnering with University offices to support meaningful physical and technological access. • Office Number: 612-626-1333 • Email: [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected])
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Office and Service Hours: N/A Offers 24/7 crisis-lines related to suicide, counsuling for emotional distress related to a disaster, and free treatment referral and information services. • 24/7 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline: 988 • 24/7 Disaster Distress Helpline: 1-800-985-5990 • 24/7 National Helpline: 1-800-662-4357
Hennepin County Acute Psychiatric Services (APS) Office and Service Hours: Monday - Sunday 7:00am-11:00pm ^{For Walk-In appointment and other lobby services} Provides emergency services, counseling, assessments, and referrals to persons experiencing mental health crises including psychosis, depression, violence or suicide, and other crisis situations. • 24/7 Crisis Counseling: 612-873-3161
Human Development Center (HDC) Office and Service Hours: N/A Provides services for children, teens, young adults, and adults including case management, mental health services, therapy services, eating disorders treatment, an employment connection program, chemical dependency treatment, and many more topic-specific services. • Minnesota Crisis Line: 218-728-5126 • Wisconsin Crisis Line: 715-395-2259
Birch Tree Center (BTC) Office and Service Hours: N/A Provides counseling and residential crisis stabilization to adults experiencing a mental health crisis or emergency. This includes programming designed to enhance psychiatric stability, personal and emotional adjustment, and the necessary skills to return to a more independent setting. • 24/7 Crisis Response: 218-623-1800
Essential Health Mental Health In-Patient Services Office and Service Hours: N/A Provides mental health inpatient programs for children, adolescents, and adults. Services provided are medication evaluation, medication management, indivudual and group therapies, as well as other patient-focused services to help manage and maintain mental illness and mental health related issues. • Miller Dwan (Duluth, MN): 218-727-8762 • St. Joseph's Medical Center (Brainerd, MN): 218-829-2861

Other Health Service

University Recreation and Wellness (RecWell) Office and Service Hours: Monday - Thursday 5:45am - 11:00pm ^{Weekend hours are: Friday 5:45am-10pm, Saturday 8:00am-9:00pm, and Sunday 9:00am - 10:00pm} Offers a wide range of programs, services, and facilities designed to aid in the prevention of stress, anxiety, and depression-related challenges as well as promote and enhance physical, mental, and social wellbeing. • Office Number: (612) 626-9222 • Email: [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected])
Boynton Health (After Hours Care) Office and Service Hours: N/A Provides resources for many different medical and health needs. • For more information: Click here
Planned Parenthood Office and Service Hours: N/A Provides primary care, birth control, HIV/STD testing and services, transgender healthcare and hormone therapy, and more • For more information: Click here
WE Health Clinic Office and Service Hours: Monday ‐ Thursday 9:00am ‐ 4:30pm, Friday 9:00am ‐ 4:00pm Provides, advances, and advocates for evidence-based reproductive and sexual health care for all. • Office Number: 218-727-3352
Youth and Aids Project (YAP) Office and Service Hours: N/A A non-profit organization housed in the University of Minnesota's Department of Pediatrics that offers HIV testing, HIV/AIDS medical case management, HIV prevention services, and sexual health education programs for young people living in the Minneapolis/St. Paul metro area. • Phone: ‭651-231-4849‬ • Email: ​[[email protected]](mailto:[email protected])
Know The Dangers Office and Service Hours: N/A Provides information about opioids and provides support and recovery treatments to those who struggle with mental health, substance use, and gambling addictions. • Opioid and Substance Use Treatment Information: Click here • Narcan/Naloxone Finder: Click here • Gambling Hotline: 1-800-333-4673
Clinic 555 Syringe Exchange Office and Service Hours: Monday and Wednesday 1:00pm - 4:30pm ^{Other hours are Tuesday and Thursday are 1:00pm - 6:30pm, and Friday from 12:00pm - 3:00pm} Anonymous syringe exchange and disposal.Various syringe sizes available for injecting medications, substances and hormones. Narcan (overdose reversal medication). Wound care. HIV and Hepatitis C testing. Vaccinations. Connection to community resources. • Office Number: 651-266-1295 • Ramsey County Public Health Center: Click here ^{(Walk-in at Ramsey County Public Health Center during syringe exchange hours only. No appointments.})

Sexual Violence Support Services

^{UMN POLICY: Sexual Harassment, Sexual Assault, Stalking and Relationship Violence}
The Aurora Center Office and Service Hours: Monday - Friday 8:00am - 4:30pm Provides free and confidential crisis intervention for victims of sexual assault, relationship violence, stalking and harassment. • Office Line: 612-626-2929 ^{(office hours only}) • Text Line: 612-615-8911 ^{(office hours only}) • 24/7 Helpline: 612-626-9111 • Email: [[email protected]](mailto:aurora.umn.edu)
Sexual Violence Center (SVC) Office and Service Hours: Monday - Friday 9:00am - 5:00pm Provide support through crisis lines, in-person and virtual counseling services, support groups, and help in navigating the medical and legal processes. • Minneapolis Office: 612-871-5100 • Savage Office: 952-448-5425 • 24/7 Crisis Line: 612-871-5111 • Email: [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected])
Ramsey County SOS Sexual Violence Services Office and Service Hours: N/A Provides 24-hour crisis counseling, information and referrals for victims of any sexual violence and for friends and families. • 24/7 Crisis Line: 651-266-1000
Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network (RAINN) Office and Service Hours: N/A Offers telephone and online-chat crisis intervention services to support communities with crisis intervention, empathetic listening, and warm handoffs to designated local service providers. Most services are available in English and Spanish • Crisis Line - 800-656-HOPE • For RAINN Crisis Online Chat - Click here
Program for Aid to Victims of Sexual Assault (PAVSA) Office and Service Hours: Monday - Friday 8:30AM - 4:30PM A nonprofit rape crisis center located in southern St. Louis County that helps area residents cope with the aftermath of sexual violence. Services include various options for people who have been victimized, ranging from immediate crisis intervention to long-term counseling. • PAVSA Office Line: 218-726-1442 • 24 Hour Helpline: 218-726-1931
MN Day One Office and Service Hours: N/A Provides emergency shelter and safe housing, a crisis line, and other resources including support groups, transitional housing, legal advocacy, and culturally specific services. • Crisis Hotline: 1-866-223-1111 • Email: [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected])
Minnesota Coalition Against Sexual Assault (MNCASA) Office and Service Hours: N/A Provides sexual assault information, locations and telephone numbers of other sexual assault programs in Minnesota • For MNCASA Public Directory: Click here

Domestic Violence Support Services

Family Pathways (Carlton County) Office and Service Hours: Monday – Friday 8:30am - 4:30pm Provides support services for victim-survivors of sexual and domestic violence including hospital advocacy, 24 hour crisis line, and advocacy in the criminal justice system. • 24/7 Crisis Line: 800-338-7233
Safe Haven Resource Center Office and Service Hours: Avalible 24/7 Emergency shelter, legal advocacy, safety planning, support groups, and community education for victim-survivors of domestic violence in Duluth and Northern Minnesota. • Office Number: 218-623-1000 • 24/7 Crisis Line: 218-728-6481
Dabinoo’Igan Shelter Office and Service Hours: Monday - Sunday 8:00am - 5:00pm Dabinoo’Igan is an emergency domestic violence shelter for women and their children. It provides a temporary place to stay while looking at options that will help keep you safe. • Hotline: 218-722-2247
Advocates for Family Peace Office and Service Hours: Monday - Friday 8:30am - 3:30pm Provides free and confidential services to victim-survivors of intimate partner domestic violence including support services, advocacy, assistance filing protective orders, and connecting to resources. • Office Number: 218-248-5512 • 24/7 Crisis Line: 1-800-909-8336
Violence Free Minnesota (VFM) ^{AKA the Coalition for Battered Women (MCBW}) Office and Service Hours: N/A A membership organization, with 90 member programs located throughout Minnesota with a strong history of effectively carrying out programming that advances women's safety and security. • Office Number: 651-646-6177 or 1-800-289-6177 • 24/7 Helpline: 1-866-223-1111

Services for Victims/Survivors of Exploitation/Trafficking/Prostitution

Program for Aid to Victims of Sexual Assault (PAVSA) Office and Service Hours: Monday - Friday 8:30AM - 4:30PM PAVSA’s Trafficking Program provides supportive services and case management to victims/survivors of sexual exploitation and sex trafficking including crisis services, support groups, counseling, and legal advocacy. • Office Number: 218-726-1931
Breaking Free (St. Paul) Office and Service Hours: N/A Breaking Free provides advocacy, direct services, housing, and education to women escaping systems of prostitution and sexual exploitation. • Office Number: 651-645-6557
Life House (Sol House) Office and Service Hours: Monday - Friday 11:00am - 6:00pm Sol House, a program of Life House, is a 24hr supportive staffed house for up to 6 youth ages 15-20 who have experienced commercial sexual exploitation. • Office Number: 218-722-7431 ext. 113

Homeless Services

United Way Office and Service Hours: N/A Offers free and confidential information about a wide range of health and human services including basic needs, health care, income support and employment, individual and family life, mental health, and criminal justice. • St. Cloud Office Number: 320-252-0227 • Central Minnesota Number: 211
Life House Youth Center Office and Service Hours: N/A Life House provides homeless and street youth ages 14-24 with unconditional support, transitional housing, and a safe alternative to the streets. • Office Number: 218-722-7431
Renaissance Teen Transitional Housing LSS/ Street Outreach Office and Service Hours: N/A The LSS Renaissance program provides supportive housing in a shared living environment for homeless youth ages 16-21. • Office Number: 218-723-8052
Spirit Valley Young Mother’s Program Office and Service Hours: N/A YWCA’s Spirit Valley Young Mother’s program provides supportive housing to young mothers (ages 16-21) and their infants including services such as advocates to help with access to medical care, education, employment and childcare assistance. Other services include case management, parenting classes, money management, self-esteem enhancement, life skills and homework assistance. • Office Number: 218-722-7425 ext. 116
Damiano Center Office and Service Hours: N/A Provides hygiene kits, community kitchen, free store, free phones, mailboxes for folks experiencing homelessness, etc. • Office Number: 218-722-8708
MN Assistance Council for Veterans Office and Service Hours: N/A Provides assistance to veterans that are experiencing homeless or other life crises. • Office Number: 218-722-8763

Emergency Childcare Services

LSS Crisis Nursery Office and Service Hours: N/A Temporary emergency care of children ages 0-12 for up to 3 days (and nights). • Office Number: 218-302-6879

Culturally Specific Services

Communidades Latinas Unidas en Servicio (CLUES) Office and Service Hours: Monday - Friday 8:30am - 5:30pm Provides programs and services to connect Latino families to resources, skills, institutions and systems and create an environment for people to be engaged and empowered. • Minneapolis Office Number: 612-746-3500 • St. Paul Office Number: 651-379-4200 • Email: [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected])
Casa de Esperanza Office and Service Hours: Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm Based in St. Paul, MN, national resource center for Latinas and leader in the domestic violence movement. Offers family advocacy and shelter services. Services offered in English and Spanish. • Office Number: 651-646-5553 • 24 Hour Crisis Line 651-722-1611
Minnesota Indian Women's Sexual Assault Coalition (MIWSAC) Office and Service Hours: N/A One of 22 Tribal Coalitions around the country formed to address sexual assault and domestic violence in American Indian Communities, focusing specifically on ending and preventing sexual violence. • Office Number: 651-646-4800 or 1-877-995-4800 • STRONGHEARTS Native Helpline: 1-844-762-8483
The Steve Fund-Crisis Text Line for People of Color Office and Service Hours: N/A The Steve Fund, through its partnership with the Crisis Text Line, promotes text messaging as a means to improve critically needed access for young people of color to crisis counseling.LGBTQ+ Services • Crisis Line: Text STEVE to 741741 • Email: [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected])
American Indian Community Housing Organization Office and Service Hours: Monday - Friday 10:00am - 5:00pm AICHO’s operating philosophy is that every American Indian woman and child deserves to live in a safe, non-threatening environment and should be treated with dignity and respect. Runs Dabinoo’Igan Domestic Violence Shelter, transitional housing program, Giiwe Project – social services, and support and safe housing. • Office Number: 218-722-7225
Fond du Lac Social Services Office and Service Hours: Monday - Friday 8:00am - 4:30pm Provides social service programs that are culturally sensitive and responsive to the values of Indiginous clients. • Social Services Main Line: 218-878-2145 • Domestic Violence Crisis Line: 218-348-1817
ASCEND - Hmong American Partnership (HAP) Office and Service Hours: Monday - Friday 8:30am - 5:00pm Works with victims and at-risk youth to address the severe harm caused by exploitation and move them towards recovery and independence. • Office Number: 651-495-9160 • Email for Lead Youth Advocate: [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected])

LGBTQ+ Resources

The Trevor Project Office and Service Hours: N/A The Trevor Project offers a 24/7 crisis line to offer support to LBGTQ young people. • Office Number: 212-695-8650 • 24/7 Crisis Line: 1-866-488-7386
Trans Lifeline Office and Service Hours: N/A Trans Lifeline is a hotline staffed by transgender for transgender people welcoming the calls of any transgender person in need/experiencing crisis. • 24 Hour Crisis Line 877-565-8860
LGBT National Help Center Office and Service Hours: N/A LGBT National Help Center is a free and confidential peer-support resource that can also help find local resources available for LGBTQ+ folks. • National Helpline: 888-843-4564 • Report Violence Online: Click here
Anti-Violence Project (AVP) Office and Service Hours: N/A LGBTQ+ and gender non-conforming survivors of violence who are experiencing trauma as a result of the current political climate are encouraged to contact this number. • 24 Hour Crisis Line: 212-714-1141

Legal Services/Reporting Abuse

For Children:
Child Protective Services
To report concerns about child abuse, neglect, or sexual abuse, contact the county or reservation where the child lives during business hours. If the child is at immediate risk of harm, please contact your local law enforcement agency or dial 911. • Minnesota Department of Human Services: 651-431-4661 • Hennepin County Family Services: 612-348-3552 • Ramsey County Human Services: 651-266-4500 • For more county contact information: Click here
For Vulnerable Adults:
Minnesota Adult Abuse Reporting Center (MAARC)
MAARC should be contact if there suspected neglect, physical or sexual abuse, or maltreatment of a vulnerable adult by their caregiver.
• Office Number: 844-880-1574
For Sexual/Domestic Violence and all other crimes:
^{I encourage you to contact any of the above resources that help guide through the legal systems before connecting with these resources. It can be hard to do it alone and there are resources to help you through this.}
University of Minnesota Police Department • 612-624-2677 • [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected]) • 511 Washington Ave. SE Minneapolis, MN 55455
St. Paul Police Department • 651-291-1111 • [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected]) • 367 Grove StreetSt. Paul, MN 55101
Minneapolis Police Department - Special Crimes Investigations Division (SCID) • 612-673-2941 • 350 South 5th Street, Room 130, Minneapolis, MN 55415
Ramsey County Sheriff's Department • 651-767-0640 • 425 Grove Street Saint Paul, MN 55101

Tools and Resources for Self/Friends/Family

UMN Student Counseling Services (Self Help) The Self Help page on the SCS website provides information and numerous resources such as websites, apps, online screenings, and listed hotlines to help you with your mental health. • For the Self Help website: Click here
[email protected] A well-being portal for University of Minnesota students offering tools, dynamic content, and resources built to align with on-campus health and wellness programs and resources. The platform is highly personalized and will help UMN students find the campus and community content and resources tailored to their individual needs and personal goals.
Minnesota Department of Health Sexual Violence Prevention Program (MDH) Helps people and organizations identify effective ways to prevent sexual violence.
Sexual Violence Center (How Can I Help My Loved One or Friend?) Provides information to friends/family on how to help support victims and survivors of violence in their lives.
MNCASA Sexual Violence Prevention Has a prevention team at MNCASA that offers technical assistance, training, resources, networking, and more on the primary prevention of sexual violence. • For more resources and tools, please visit the MNCASA website https://mncasa.org/tools/

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In light of the recent posts sharing their stories and experiences, I wanted to create a list of resources for students and their loved ones to hopefully get connected and find support through whatever it is they are going through.
I am a volunteer advocate with PAVSA, so some of these resources may be physically located in Northern Minnesota, but I made sure to include local and remote resources as well.
Feel free to contact me with questions or to share some information and I will update this post if I find any other resources.
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Thank you so much to everyone who participated in the Ultimate LIGHTS Survivor! This was an especially wild ride with all these songs being amongst Lights' most popular songs on this sub. Nearly every elimination had multiple different reactions with some people happy and others devastated, which proves that the fanbase has a diverse range of favourite and least favourite songs.
We ended up with a final two of Muscle Memory and Okay Okay. Both songs won their original album Survivor, and one of them is now being crowned the winner yet again.
Coming in second place, the fourteenth and final song voted out with 93 out 159 votes was...

Okay Okay

...which means that the winner of the Ultimate LIGHTS Survivor is...

Muscle Memory

Muscle Memory has proved once again to be an unstoppable force in these polls! Thank you again to everyone who voted and commented throughout the Ultimate LIGHTS Survivor! This concludes Survivors for her main album songs, but we will be doing Survivors for her acoustic albums and dEd in the near future. Before doing any acoustic Survivors, I'd like to ask your opinions on a couple things:

• Would you guys be interested in a mini-Survivor for the Lights.Acoustic EP? Or just stick to the full albums?
• If we do another Ultimate LIGHTS Survivor but with the top songs from her companion albums instead of the main albums, would you guys like it to include dEd or keep it strictly acoustic?

Let me know your thoughts in the comments!
A chart showing a breakdown of each round's vote count in the Ultimate LIGHTS Survivor can be found here. I also included links to the results of each poll in the table below.

Summary of results

Songs eliminated by round

Round	Song Eliminated	% of Votes	Tiebreaker	Finish	Results
1	Saviour	11.28%	-	15th place	Link
2	Ice	16.78%	-	14th place	Link
3	Second Go	16.08%	-	13th place	Link
4	Where the Fence is Low	21.62%	-	12th place	Link
5	We Were Here	14.38%	-	11th place	Link
6	Almost Had Me	17.02%	-	10th place	Link
7	(Tie between Prodigal Daughter and New Fears)	15.75%	-	-	Link
7	Prodigal Daughter	-	15 votes	9th place	-
8	Salt and Vinegar	24.24%	-	8th place	Link
9	New Fears	24.24%	-	7th place	Link
10	Same Sea	23.98%		6th place	Link
11	Speeding	25.17%	-	5th place	Link
12	Siberia	32.09%	-	4th place	Link
13	Toes	42.19%	-	🥉 3rd place 🥉	Link
14	Okay Okay	58.49%	-	🥈 2nd place 🥈	Link
14	Muscle Memory	41.51%	-	🥇 Winner 🥇	-

Second most voted-against songs by round:

Round	Song	% of Votes
1	Ice	10.26%
2	Where the Fence is Low	11.41%
3	Where the Fence is Low	15.58%
4	Salt and Vinegar	14.19%
5	Almost Had Me	11.76%
6	Salt and Vinegar	14.18%
7	Salt and Vinegar	14.38%
8	New Fears	17.42%
9	Siberia	18.18%
10	Speeding	18.58%
11	Toes	24.48%
12	Toes	29.1%
13	Okay Okay	33.59%
14	Muscle Memory (winner)	41.51%

DPS Alert Motorist Assist IR15 N / W WASHINGTON AVE;nbat 03/28/2023 06:35:37 PM

LVMPD Traffic Alert ACCIDENT (WITH INJURY) E WASHINGTON AVE and N SANDHILL RD 3/28/2023 4:08:34 PM incident #LLV230300122396

André Lara Resende is one of the “fathers” of the very successful Plano Real, it successfully turned the hyperinflationary Brazilian economy in a stable one very quickly in the 90s (he was also one of the “fathers” of other failed plans, but still…).
Not much time ago, he became a heterodox economist, saying things like “economic orthodoxy is a failed ideology”. But I won’t talk about it, I will talk about his takes on the English Monetary History, and how it is completely wrong.
Why is it important? The current Lula’s government has an economical team divided in two main sectors, one defends that the fiscal regime must have real limits and these limits must be respected, the other defends that the expansionary fiscal policy can be unlimited. The former is led by the former Minister of Education and current Minister of Economy Fernando Haddad, the latter is led by the former Minister of Education and current President of the Brazilian Bank of Development Aloizio Mercadante. Mercadante has as intellectual guru André Lara Resende, the main proponent of the unlimited expansionary fiscal regime.
In a lecture to the Institute of Economics of Unicamp, the second most important Brazilian university (behind USP only), André Lara Resende uses the English monetary history to substantiate his theory about the non-spontaneity of the currencies, seen first in his book Consenso e Contrassenso (Consensus and “Nonsense”, 2020):
Lecture to UNICAMP on YouTube, in Portuguese but with auto-generated English subtitles.
What is talked about in this class is basically what is talked about in his book:

Chapter 1: Currency, ideas, and politics
Currency as a public service
Roman coins circulated in England, as well as throughout the Roman Empire, until the end of the 6th century. With the withdrawal of the Romans, Britain's administrative and military structure was dismantled, and the English economy was demonetized. From the beginning of the 5th century to the end of the 7th century there was virtually no currency in circulation in England (Source: Robert Barro: Are Government Bonds Net Wealth?, Journal of Political Economy, n. 81, v. 6, 1974). Most Roman coins fell out of circulation. Worn out or hoarded, the remnants continued to circulate sparsely, and markets collapsed. The impact of monetary liquidity on material conditions and cultural production was dramatic. If we believe in currency as a creation of market needs, these would be the ideal conditions for the emergence of a local currency, but that is not what happened. Without a central authority capable of establishing the unit of account for recording transactions, trade declined, all demand disappeared, and there is no evidence of merchant activities until the end of the 7th century. According to Chris Wickham, “all forms of exchange, beyond the most rudimentary, must have ceased” (Source: David Graeber, Debt: The First 5000 Years. London: Melville House, 2011).
According to archaeological studies, reorganization in the Anglo-Saxon lands began at the end of the 6th century. At the beginning of the 8th century, with the reconstruction of political power and the consolidation of hierarchically more organized small kingdoms, units of account for pecuniary obligations were reintroduced, and trade flourished again. From the 11th century onwards, currency began to be regulated and institutionalized both in England and on the European continent. Governments then realized that they needed to introduce a more efficient means of collecting taxes and transferring resources. The oldest extant report from the English Treasury, from the late 12th century, states:
Currency is needed, not only in times of war, but also in times of peace. Because, in the first case, the revenues are spent on fortifying cities, paying soldiers’ salaries. When hostilities cease, weapons of war are laid aside, churches are built by pious princes, Christ is clothed and fed in the person of the poor, and the mammon of this world is distributed through other acts of charity (source: Edmund Phelps , “The Golden Rule of Accumulation: A Fable of Growthmen”, American Economic Review, v. 51, n. 4, 1961).
Despite the interest of the central power in the institution of money, for many years governments charged for its coinage. Having established the silver or gold content of each coin, anyone could take the metal to an authorized house and, subject to a discount on the contributed metal, leave with the officially minted legal tender coins. The discount, known as seigniorage, was supposed to cover the cost of the coinage and remunerate the government for the service rendered. Until today, when the currency is exclusively fiduciary, the government's gain with its issuance, on which no interest is levied, is called seigniorage. The public was willing to pay the seigniorage, the cost of minting plus a tribute, which could reach up to 5% of the metallic value minted, because the homogenization and regulation of currency was a highly valued service. The chronic illiquidity of the medieval European economy meant that coins almost always circulated at a premium over metallic value. When that premium was far above the cost of seigniorage, more metal was taken to be minted. After the sixteenth century, when the lack of liquidity had already been mitigated, in the rare moments when the rise in silver and gold prices made the coin's face value less than its metallic value, the pieces were melted down, thus creating a endogenous mechanism of expansion and contraction of the stock of physical money.
Medieval metallic coins were always subject to the problem of loss of metallic content, whether due to dishonest scraping or wear and tear of its use, which forced the authorities to remove them from circulation and replace them with new ones, in accordance with established norms for legal tender. The costs of currency renewal fell mostly on the holders of old coins. The premium on its metallic content, the cost of minting, as well as those of currency reforms, all borne for the most part by the public, is evidence of the high value of the service provided by the coin. The universal acceptance guaranteed by legal tender, by the fact of being accepted to settle tax debts and all kinds of official charges, is a public service for which society has always been willing to pay. The reference value and liquidity of the currency is vital for the functioning and expansion of markets. Rulers could charge for currency, which benefited both the government and the public, because illiquidity has always been a painful constraint on trade and all economic activity.

So, I would like to highlight his main points about the history of currency in England, so that we can see how, in fact, the English monetary history was.

Main Points

1. Video: “Up to the 7th century, in England, circulated the metallic Roman coins”;

Book: “Roman coins circulated in England, as well as throughout the Roman Empire, until the end of the 6th century”.

1. The coins ceased to circulate.
   
2. Video: there was a complete collapse of economic activity in England;
   

Book: markets collapsed.
Implicitly, 4. Markets collapsed because of lack of currency.

1. Video: the ideal situation for an economy that had already been a monetary economy to recreate a spontaneous currency;

Book: If we believe in currency as a creation of market needs, these would be the ideal conditions for the emergence of a local currency.

1. Video: and none of that happened;

Book: but that is not what happened.

1. Video: It was only from the 11th century onwards that there was a certain amount of centralization, it was during this period that money began to reappear, therefore, the crown started with the idea of creating an accounting system to collect taxes.

Book: From the 11th century onwards, currency began to be regulated and institutionalized both in England and on the European continent. Governments then realized that they needed to introduce a more efficient means of collecting taxes and transferring resources.

The first coins minted in England: coin in the British Iron Age

Although Lara Resende says that “it was from the 11th century that metallic coins began to be minted in England for the first time” (video), the first metallic coins minted in England actually date from pre-Roman times.
For better situational understanding, here is a modern map of the tribes that inhabited the British Isles before the Romans:
Image 1. Pre-Roman British islands
The Southern Britain, the region conquered by Rome, had several tribes and several of these tribes already had a monetary system. Take a look at some of the coins sold by the traditional Baldwin’s numismatic shop:
Image 2. Corieltauvi
Image 3. Iceni
Image 4. Trinovantes and Catuvellauni, it is presumed that, at some point, a tribe was suzerain of another tribe, causing a common coin to be produced in both tribes
Image 5. Belgae
Image 6. Dobunni
Image 7. Durotriges
Coins named “stater” were inspired by the Greek coins of the same name. Therefore, it can be said with a high degree of certainty that this region of southern Britain had a monetary system in pre-Roman times:
Image 8. Area of pre-Roman Britain with a monetary system
Damnonii
Image 9. Damnonii
A curious case, however, are the Dumnonii (Damnonii, depending on the author). Gaius Julius Solinus points out in his book Polyhistor that they lived in the ancient way, without the use of money, but on the basis of giving and accept and by exchange – which is a possible reference to a mutual gift and barter economy, one should not exclude the other.

§ 22.7 {9} This turbid strait also divides the island Silura from the shore which is held by the Dumnonii, a British tribe. The men of this island even now preserve an old custom: they do not use coins. They give and accept, obtaining the necessities of life by exchange rather than by money. They reverence gods, and the men and women equally declare knowledge of the future.
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Siluram quoque insulam ab ora quam gens Brittana Dumnonii tenent turbidum fretum distinguit. Cuius homines etiamnunc custodiunt morem uetustum: nummum refutant; dant res et accipiunt; mutationibus necessaria potius quam pretiis parant; deos percolunt; scientiam futurorum pariter uiri ac feminae ostentant

The economic decline of the 5th and 6th centuries

Was the British economic collapse of the 5th and 6th century caused by the absence of coins, or was the absence of coins caused by economic collapse?
Four points:

1. Institutional crisis and the Anglo-Saxons;
   
2. Bubonic plague;
   
3. Natural disaster;
   
4. Population decline.
   

1. Institutional crisis and the Anglo-Saxons

Given the extensive body of research on institutions and their role in promoting national prosperity, as well as the overwhelming support for this idea among leading economists such as Acemoglu, Coase, Ostrom, Williamson, and others, I believe that stressing the importance of institutions to a nation's success would be redundant.
However, it is important to note that after the abrupt departure of the Romans from British lands, the island experienced a profound institutional crisis. Moreover, Britannia began to receive people from different regions.
One of André Lara Resende's points is: as Britain was used to have a monetary system, it was natural that the same people — the Britons — would continue having a monetary system, which did not happen. First of all, it is important to note that the population of Anglo-Saxon England differed significantly from that of Roman Britain, with the arrival of the Angles and Saxons from the continent following the Roman departure. These new people settled in Britannia after the abrupt departure of the Romans from the island, when the defenses were weakened. As a side note, the emergence of the King Arthur myth, wherein he, a Briton, defends Britannia against the Anglo-Saxons, can be traced back to this time in history.
Image 10. The new inhabitants of Great Britain

2. Bubonic plague, c. 525 —

Although not as well-known as the Black Death, the bubonic plague known as the Justinian Plague had a profound impact on Europe that lasted for centuries.
Image 11. Introductory article on the history of epidemics

3. Natural disaster: the volcanic winter of 536

In addition to the bubonic pandemic, the massive eruption of a volcano, likely located in Iceland, had far-reaching consequences. This event resulted in a significant cooling of the Northern Hemisphere, known as Late Antique Little Ice Age.
Image 12. Change in average global temperature
One of the most compelling documented of evidence — in addition to scientific analysis of volcanic activity — is the widespread reports of crop failures during this period, which likely contributed to a devastating famine across Europe.
The convergence of pandemic and natural disaster was so significant that many historians regard the 6th century AD as one of the most difficult times to be alive.
Image 13. Science: Why 536 was the 'the worst year to be alive'

4. European population decline

The impact of the combination of these disasters was so profound that it not only affected England, as noted by André Lara Resende, but also brought Europe as a whole to an economic collapse. The evidence of the continent-wide disaster is manifold, with one of the most striking being the precipitous decline in population, which was, at that time, closely linked to social breakdowns.
Image 14. European population decline in both bubonic plagues
Considering the array of factors that contributed to the economic collapse of England in the 5th and 6th centuries, it appears highly unlikely that the absence of local coinage played a decisive role. Rather, the delay in the appearance of local coinage can be more reasonably attributed to the general economic collapse that characterized both Britain and continental Europe during this era. It should be noted that the assertion put forward by Lara Resende on video that England only began to mint its own coinage in the 11th century is mistaken, as there is ample evidence of local coin production dating back to the 7th century.

Thrymsas and sceattas, the resurgence of British coins in the 7th century

Thrysmsas

In the early 7th century, the introduction of thrymsas marked the first instance of coin minting in England after the Roman era. These coins were modeled after the Roman tremissis, which is precisely what would happen if the theory of the spontaneity of coins were not false, according to André Lara Resende’s train of thought.
Image 15. Thrymsas

Sceattas (early pennies)

The sceattas, called by some scholars as “early pennies”, were the first silver coins minted in Anglo-Saxon England. In the 7th century, they completely replaced the production of gold coins (thrymsas). They were minted by several individuals and the extent of royal control over their production remains a topic of debate.
Some sceattas, for example, were produced by the Church and it is not clear what kind of control the kings of the small Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of the time exercised over the “Coins of the Saints”, or even if there was any control at all.
On this subject, Professor Rory Naismith, a specialist in Early Medieval English monetary history, concludes:
Image 16. Money of the Saints
However, it is important to note that ecclesiastical coins only represented a fraction of the sceattas. In fact, there are several other examples of these coins dating back to at least the 7th century, long before the 11th century as previously suggested.
Image 17. Sceattas
While some sceattas feature the portrait of a king and his name, others bear only the name of the moneyer and a symbol, others display the name of the moneyer and the mint. The diversity of these coins was so great that it is unlikely that rigid centralized control existed during this period. The sceattas exhibit a remarkable variety of designs and inscriptions, which suggests that the production of these coins was largely decentralized and subject to the discretion of individual minters and merchants.

Penny

The lack of knowledge regarding thrymsas and sceattas is understandable, as their discoveries have been more recent (it has increased with the technological advancement of archeology) and their popularity is relatively low. However, it is surprising to ignore the penny, a currency that played a significant role in English history, and to claim that the first coin was only minted in England in the 11th century.
In effect, the penny was formalized as the currency of Mercia, an Anglo-Saxon kingdom, by the end of the 8th century through the reforms of King Offa, who centralized coin production and exercised stricter control over it.
It is worth noting that the reputable auction house Baldwin’s has sold several Anglo-Saxon pennies, dating back to before the 11th century, further emphasizing the long-standing presence of coinage in England.
Image 18. Pennies

Conclusion

The account of English currency history presented by André Lara Resende, one the greatest Brazilian economists, in his book Consenso e Contrassenso (2020) and his video lecture for the Institute of Economics of Unicamp (2021), contains several significant flaws that require reassessment. These flaws lead to erroneous conclusions and undermine the credibility of his work.
Therefore, the conclusions of the main points are:

Premise 1: “Up to the 7th century, in England, circulated the metallic Roman coins”, Premise 2: The coins ceased to circulate.

Correct. Following the disappearance of Roman coins from Anglo-Saxon England, imitations of Roman coins began to be produced (thrymsas).

Premise 3. “there was a complete collapse of economic activity in England”.

Correct. Not only in England, but all over Europe. The abrupt departure of the Romans from Britannia in the early 5th century and the subsequent invasion of the Angles and Saxons, who did not have a monetary economy, led to an institutional, social, and economic crisis in England. Additionally, the pandemic and volcanic winter of the 6th century caused a significant economic stagnation throughout Europe.

Conclusion 4. Markets collapsed because of lack of currency.

Unlikely. The collapse of markets and the rise of subsistence economies are better explained by the abrupt Roman exit, the Anglo-Saxon invasion, the Justinian Plague, and the Late Antique Little Ice Age.

Premise 5. If we believe in currency as a creation of market needs, these would be the ideal conditions for the emergence of a local currency.

Correct, the absence of currency creates the need for currency.

Conclusion 6. but that is not what happened.

Incorrect, several coins emerged in Anglo-Saxon England, contradicting the claim that there was a complete absence of currency during this period.

Conclusion 7. It was only from the 11th century onwards that there was a certain amount of centralization, it was during this period that money began to reappear, therefore, the crown started with the idea of creating an accounting system to collect taxes..

Incorrect. Thus, the idea that there was no local currency during Anglo-Saxon England, from the end of Roman Britain to the Norman Conquest in the 11th century, as basically purported by André Lara Resende, is factually incorrect.

References

Alessia Rovelli, Money and Coinage in the Middle Ages (Boston: Brill, 2018)
André Lara Resende, Consenso e Contrassenso: Por uma Economia Não Dogmática (Portfolio Penguin, 2020).


Anna Gannon, The Iconography of Early Anglo-Saxon Coinage: Sixth to Eighth Centuries (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010)

Carlo M. Cipolla, The Fontana Economic History of Europe Volume I: The Middle Ages (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1972)
Kathryn A. Glatter e Paul Finkelman, History of the Plague: An Ancient Pandemic for the Age of COVID-19, Am J Med, 2021, Volume 134 (2): p. 176–181.
Rory Naismith, Medieval European Coinage 8: Britain and Ireland c. 400–1066 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017)
Rory Naismith, Studies in Early Medieval Coinage 3: Sifting the Evidence (Spike Books, 2014)